These findings suggest that there is no cannabis-induced gateway effect. Many major studies on cannabis usage have found no evidence for the stepping-stone effect, apart from social considerations. There is no reliable pharmacological evidence explaining how the gateway theory could be valid at this time. There is no evidence of the gateway effect occurring in other, non-western, cultures. There is no correlation between prevalence of cannabis usage and hard drug usage.Ĭannabis is not usually the first drug that hard drug users have experimented with. The vast majority of cannabis users do not go on to use hard drugs. The modern theory of the gateway effect regarding cannabis seems to have been initiated with an unsupported and contradictory reactionary statement from a prohibition supporter. In summary, the evidence this document has reviewed shows that: The distinction between the pharmacologically-based stepping stone theory and the socially-based gateway theory is of vital importance, as they lead to different conclusions on how best to minimise hard drug usage. This evidence predominantly seems to discredit the theory generally. Accessed Įxample: This document has reviewed much evidence on the subject of cannabis use and theory of its potential gateway effect that leads users on to using hard drugs. Document Title/Name Volume number:Pages UsedĮxample: 1. Use the following template to cite a court case using the Springer Vancouver citation style.
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How to cite a Court case in Springer Vancouver style Staff generally support children well in their learning and development and children are making good progress towards the early learning goals.’ Positive steps are taken to ensure children are safeguarded, fully included and have their welfare needs met. Accessed Įxample: ‘The nursery provides a warm and welcoming environment for children. (2013) Ofsted | Search results: Inspection Reports. Author Surname Author Initial (Year Published) Title. Use the following template to cite a blog using the Springer Vancouver citation style. How to cite a Blog in Springer Vancouver style Īdditional Springer Vancouver style Citation Examples
Suicide accounts for 1.7% of the 1,357,537 deaths due to all causes which occurred over this period. 1Įxample: There were 22,526 suicide deaths registered in Australia over the 10 years between 20. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) Suicide in Australis. Use the following template to cite a website using the Springer Vancouver citation style. How to cite a Website in Springer Vancouver style The Huffington PostĮxample: “The appearance and what an artist talks about and stands for can all be critical in maximizing success.” Hess P (2014) The Music Industry Formula for Success Does Exist. Author Surname Author Initial (Year Published) Title.Įxample: 1. Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Springer Vancouver citation style. How to cite an Online image or video in Springer Vancouver style
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Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Springer Vancouver citation style. How to cite Film or Movie in Springer Vancouver style Accessed Įxample: “By definition, managers have subordinates” Publication Title Volume number:Pages UsedĮxample: 1.
Use the following template to cite a journal using the Springer Vancouver citation style. How to cite a Journal in Springer Vancouver style Specifically, there was a 14 percentage point difference between detainees whose MSO was a property offence (71%) compared with those whose MSO was a violent offence (57%). Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.Įxample: In 2010, the presence of any drug was more common for adult male police detainees whose most serious offence (MSO) was a property offence. (2015) Australian Institute of Criminology - Chapter 4: Selected offender profiles. Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment. Use the following template to cite a book using the Springer Vancouver citation style. How to cite a Book in Springer Vancouver style “ Popular Springer Vancouver style Citation Examples
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